Jonah
Jon 1:11a Jonah 2 Kings 14:25
Meaning dove. This indicates that God wanted Jonah to go out like a dove to preach the gospel of peace (cf. Eph. 2:17).
Jon 1:21a Nineveh Gen. 10:11-12; Jonah 3:2-3; 4:11; Nahum 1:1; Zeph. 2:13; Matt. 12:41; Luke 11:32
[ par. 1 2 ]
Jon 1:21 [1] The capital of Assyria, located on the east bank of the Tigris River, first built by Nimrod (Gen. 10:11; see note 81 there). God intended to judge Nineveh, but He also intended to extend His salvation of love to that evil Gentile city. For this reason He commissioned Jonah to go to Nineveh to cry out against the city.
Jon 1:21 [2] In his being sent by God to Nineveh, Jonah typifies Christ, who was sent by God to preach the gospel of peace to the Gentiles (Matt. 12:41). Jonah was a prophet who turned from Israel to the Gentiles. In this he was a type of Christ, who turned from Israel to the Gentiles (Matt. 21:43; Luke 4:25-27).
Jon 1:31 Tarshish
Probably a Phoenician port on the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Spain. Jonah knew that God was “a gracious and compassionate God, long-suffering and abundant in lovingkindness and repentant of evil” (4:2) and that God would change His mind and not judge Nineveh if the city repented. Anticipating this and not agreeing with God, Jonah fled from God’s presence to Tarshish.
Jon 1:3a Joppa 2 Chron. 2:16; Acts 9:36
Jon 1:3b from Gen. 4:16; Job 1:12; 2:7; Psa. 139:7
Jon 1:4a wind Psa. 107:25
Jon 1:5a cast Acts 27:18-19, 38
Jon 1:7a cast Josh. 7:14, 16; 1 Sam. 10:20-21; 14:41-42; Prov. 16:33
Jon 1:9a Hebrew Gen. 14:13; 39:14
Jon 1:9b made Psa. 95:5; 146:6; Neh. 9:6; Acts 17:24
Jon 1:15a ceased Psa. 89:9; Luke 8:24
Jon 1:17a stomach Matt. 12:40; 16:4; Luke 11:30
Jon 1:171 three
Jonah was swallowed by a great fish and was vomited out of it (2:10) for the spreading of God’s salvation to the Gentile Ninevites. Jonah is a type of Christ in His death and resurrection for the spreading of God’s salvation to sinners, even to the Gentiles (Matt. 12:39-41). Jonah’s staying in the great fish three days and three nights typifies Christ’s staying in the heart of the earth three days and three nights (Matt. 12:40 and note). Christ died and entered into Hades in the lower parts of the earth (Acts 2:27a; Eph. 4:9). He came forth from there in resurrection (Acts 2:31-32), and in resurrection He became the life-giving Spirit (1 Cor. 15:45b) for the preaching, the spreading, of the gospel to all the Gentile nations, as seen in the book of Acts.
Jon 2:2a called Psa. 120:1; 130:1; 142:1; Lam. 3:55-56
Jon 2:21b Sheol Psa. 16:10
See note 231 in Matt. 11.
Jon 2:3a depths Psa. 69:2; 88:6-7; Lam. 3:54
Jon 2:4a have Psa. 31:22
Jon 2:4b Toward 1 Kings 8:38
Jon 2:6a have Psa. 16:10; Isa. 38:17
Jon 2:61 pit
Or, corruption.
Jon 2:9a sacrifice Psa. 50:14, 23; 116:17-18; Hosea 14:2; Heb. 13:15
Jon 3:31 arose
After Jonah was adjusted, corrected, and subdued, he was willing to go along with God and receive His commission.
Jon 3:32 exceedingly
Lit., great to God.
Jon 3:4a forty Gen. 7:4; 8:6; Exo. 24:18; Num. 13:25; 14:34; 1 Sam. 17:16; 1 Kings 19:8; Ezek. 4:6; Matt. 4:2
Jon 3:5a Nineveh Matt. 12:41; Luke 11:32
Jon 3:6a sackcloth Esth. 4:1; Jer. 6:26; Dan. 9:3; Matt. 11:21; Luke 10:13
Jon 3:9a Who 1 Sam. 12:22; Joel 2:14
Jon 3:10a repented Jer. 18:8; Joel 2:13; Amos 7:3, 6
Jon 4:2a gracious Exo. 34:6; Psa. 86:15; 145:8; Joel 2:13
Jon 4:3a take 1 Kings 19:4; Num. 11:15
Jon 4:61 castor-oil
A tree known for its broad leaves. So throughout this chapter where tree is used.
Jon 4:111 pity
[ par. 1 2 ]
Jon 4:111 [1] This book indicates particularly that God is not the God only of a certain people; He is the God of all peoples (Rom. 3:29). The Jews thought that they were the unique people of God. They considered themselves the firstborn son with the right to be the first to enjoy all that is of God (Exo. 4:22; Luke 15:11-32). But because the Jews responded to God wrongly, the Gentiles, not the Jews, became the first to enjoy God in His salvation (Matt. 21:28-32; Acts 13:45-48; Rom. 11:11, 17, 25).
Jon 4:111 [2] The book of Jonah indicates that while God was angry with Assyria, He would still be gracious and compassionate toward a great and sinful city such as Nineveh. This indicates that God’s economy is to do things through Israel, His suffering people, and the nations, the consuming “locusts” (Joel 1:4 and note), to extend His salvation to all the peoples on earth (Matt. 28:19; Acts 1:8).
Jon 4:11a Nineveh Jonah 1:2; 3:2-3
Jon 4:112 cattle
In having pity on the evil Gentile city of Nineveh, God cared even for their cattle.